Tuesday, July 16, 2013

Electrochemistry - Edited by Mohammed A. A. Khalid


                  Ebook Size : 9.6 MB

               Download : Electrochemistry.pdf

The chemical and physical characterization of groundwater and surface water is very important to understand the hydrological and geological dynamic that enriched the water in ions and organic compounds. During the water infiltration and movement into the rocks, the water is subject to numerous interactions between the aqueous and the solid phases through physical, chemical and microbial processes such as dissolution, precipitation, oxidation, reduction, complexation, ad-and desorption, filtration, gas exchange, evaporation, biological metabolism, isotopic redistribution and anthropogenic influences.

Groundwater in solution may have a high quantity of inorganic and organic compounds. Its contents are the combined result of the composition of surface water when entering the unsaturated zone of the soil and reactions with minerals in the rock that may modify the water composition. As a result, groundwater contains dissolved solids and gases (CO2, O2, H2S) according to its initial composition, type of the rock, the partial pressure of the gas phase, pH and oxidation potential of the solution. The major ions that can be found in water are chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium against many others in reduced concentrations (<10 mgL-1) such as iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, cadmium, lead, chromium, strontium, arsenic and boron. Apart from these natural processes, the water also suffers from contamination by human activities.

Solutes, such as heavy metals and organic solvents, are chemically introduced in the water systems mostly in the unsaturated zone. When water is in contact with pore gases contaminants there may be transference between the liquid and the gas states. This is an important way of volatile compounds to migrate from the subsurface.

No comments:

Post a Comment

What do you think about this book?