Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edition by Catherine Housecroft, Alan G. Sharpe

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Inorganic chemistry: it is not an isolated branch
of chemistry. If organic chemistry is considered to be the ‘chemistry of carbon’,  then  inorganic  chemistry  is  the  chemistry  of  all elements except carbon. In its broadest sense, this is true, but  of  course  there  are  overlaps  between  branches  of chemistry. A topical example is the chemistry of the fullerenes, this  was  the  subject  of  the  award  of  the  1996  Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Professors Sir Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley   and   Robert   Curl.   An  understanding   of   such molecules, carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets involves studies by organic, inorganic and physical chemists, physicists and materials scientists.

Inorganic chemistry is not simply the study of elements and compounds; it is also the study of physical principles. For example, in order to understand why some compounds are soluble in a given solvent and others are not, we apply laws  of  thermodynamics.  If  our  aim  is  to  propose  details of  a  reaction mechanism,  then  a  knowledge  of  reaction kinetics is needed. Overlap between physical and inorganic chemistry is also significant in the study of molecular structure.  In  the  solid  state,  X-ray  diffraction  methods  are routinely used to obtain pictures of the spatial arrangements of atoms  in a  molecule  or molecular  ion.  To interpret the behaviour of molecules in solution, we use physical techniques such  as  nuclear  magnetic  resonance  (NMR)  spectroscopy;  the  equivalence or  not  of  particular  nuclei  on  a spectroscopic  timescale  may  indicate whether  a  molecule is static or undergoing a dynamic process.

The application of a wide range of physical techniques in inorganic chemistry is the topic of Chapter 4. The aims of Chapters 1 and 2 In Chapters 1 and 2, we outline some concepts fundamental to   an   understanding   of   inorganic  chemistry.   We  have assumed  that  readers  are  to  some  extent  familiar  with most of these concepts and our aim is to give a point of reference for review purposes.

An atom is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence, either alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or another element. The fundamental particles of which atoms are composed are the proton, electron and neutron.

A neutron and a proton have approximately the same mass and,  relative  to  these,  an  electron  has  negligible  mass (Table  1.1).  The  charge  on  a  proton  is  positive  and  of equal magnitude, but opposite sign, to that on a negatively charged  electron. A neutron has no charge. In an atom of any element, there are equal numbers of protons and electrons  and  so  an  atom  is  neutral.  The nucleus of  an  atom consists  of  protons  and  (with  the  exception  of protium, see  Section  10.3)  neutrons,  and  is  positively  charged;  the nucleus  of  protium  consists  of  a  single  proton.  The  electrons   occupy   a   region   of   space   around   the   nucleus.

Nearly  all  the  mass  of  an  atom  is  concentrated  in  the nucleus,  but  the  volume  of  the  nucleus  is  only  a  tiny fraction  of  that  of  the  atom;  the radius  of  the  nucleus  is about  10 15m  while  the  atom  itself  is  about  10^5 times larger  than  this.  It  follows  that  the  density  of  the  nucleus is enormous, more than 10^12 times that of the metal Pb. Although   chemists   tend   to   consider   the   electron, proton  and  neutron  as  the  fundamental  (or  elementary) particles of an atom, particle physicists deal with yet smaller particles.

Organic Chemistry, 2 edition by Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves and Stuart Warren

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Organic chemistry and you You are already a highly skilled organic chemist. As you read these words, your eyes are using an organic compound (retinal) to convert visible light into nerve impulses. When you picked up this book, your muscles were doing chemical reactions on sugars to give you the energy you needed. As you understand, gaps between your brain cells are being bridged by simple organic molecules (neurotransmitter amines) so that nerve impulses can be passed around your brain. And you did all that without consciously thinking about it. You do not yet understand these processes in your mind as well as you can carry them out in your brain and body. You are not alone there. No organic chemist, however brilliant, understands the detailed chemical working of the human mind or body very well.

We, the authors, include ourselves in this generalization, but we are going to show you in this book what enormous strides have been taken in the understanding of organic chemistry since the science came into being in the early years of the nineteenth century. Organic chemistry began as a tentative attempt to understand the chemistry of life. It has grown into the confident basis of worldwide  activities that feed, clothe, and cure millions of people without their even being aware of the role of chemistry in their lives. Chemists cooperate with physicists and mathematicians to understand how molecules behave and with biologists to understand how interactions between molecules underlie all of life. The enlightenment brought by chemistry in the twentieth century amounted to a revolution in our understanding of the molecular world, but in these first decades of the twenty-first century the revolution is still far from complete. We aim not to give you the measurements of the skeleton of a dead science but to equip you to understand the conflicting demands of an adolescent one.

Like all sciences, chemistry has a unique place in our pattern of understanding of the universe. It is the science of molecules. But organic chemistry is something more. It literally creates itself as it grows. Of course we need to study the molecules of nature both because they are interesting in their own right and because their functions are important to our lives. Organic chemistry has always been able to illuminate the mechanisms of life by making new molecules that give information not available from the molecules actually present in living things. This creation of new molecules has given us new materials such as plastics to make things with, new dyes to colour our clothes, new perfumes to wear, new drugs to cure diseases. Some people think some of these activities are unnatural and their products dangerous or unwholesome. But these new molecules are built by humans from other molecules found naturally on earth using the skills inherent in our natural brains. Birds build nests; people build houses. Which is unnatural? To the organic chemist this is a meaningless distinction. There are toxic compounds and nutritious ones, stable compounds and reactive ones—but there is only one type of chemistry: it goes on both inside our brains and bodies, and also in our flasks and reactors, born from the ideas in our minds and the skill in our hands. We are not going to set ourselves up as moral judges in any way. We believe it is right to try and understand the world about us as best we can and to use that understanding creatively. This is what we want to share with you.

Chemistry 101 Applied Chemistry Lab Manual

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Science - A Discovery in Comics - Margreet de Heer

  
  Ebook Size : 43 MB

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Explaining different scientific disciplines in clear, colorful chapters, this illustrated primer is a great way to introduce young readers to a complex topic. In her easily accessible style, Margreet de Heer visualizes science and makes it approachable for those with little knowledge of the subject. Touching a number of topics in various scientific disciplines--including math, chemistry, physics, biology, geology, and quantum theory--this work ponders questions such as Who exclaimed "Eureka" and why? Why did Galileo get into a fight with the Church? and What happens when you have your DNA tested? This humorous yet substantive graphic account strips the subject of unnecessary complexity, making it a perfect introduction to exploring scientific concepts.

Margreet de Heer lives and works in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with her husband Yiri T. Kohl and two cats. A long time ago, she studied Theology at the University of Amsterdam, but through divine intervention she ended up being a comic artist. She worked at the famous comic store Lambiek from 2000 until 2005, and wrote a book about Dutch comics together with Kees Kousemaker. Since 2005, the same year she contributed to the 24 Hour Comic Day Anthology, she is a full-time comic artist producing a wide range of work, from children's comics in magazines to cartoons at business conferences. In 2007 she started making philosophical comic "reports" for newspaper Trouw. This resulted in a book edition in 2010 which was published in the US by NBM Publishing with the title 'Philosophy: a Discovery in Comics' in 2012. Margreet continued the series with a comic book about religion in 2011, followed by one about science in 2012. The latter is published in the US with the title 'Science: a Discovery in Comics', in September 2013.

Thermodynamics and Chemistry - Howard Devoe

 

                 Ebook Size :  8.7 MB
                
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Thermodynamics is a quantitative subject. It allows us to derive relations between the values of numerous physical quantities. Some physical quantities, such as a mole fraction, are dimensionless; the value of one of these quantities is a pure number. Most quantities, however, are not dimensionless and their values must include one or more units. This chapter reviews the SI system of units, which are the preferred units in science applications. The chapter then discusses some useful mathematical manipulations of physical quantities using quantity calculus, and certain general aspects of dimensional analysis.

 Chemists are interested in systems containing matter—that which has mass and occupies physical space. Classical thermodynamics looks at macroscopic aspects of matter. It deals with the properties of aggregates of vast numbers of microscopic particles (molecules, atoms, and ions). The macroscopic viewpoint, in fact, treats matter as a continuous material medium rather than as the collection of discrete microscopic particles we know are actually present.

Although this book is an exposition of classical thermodynamics, at times it will point out connections between macroscopic properties and molecular structure and behavior. A thermodynamic system is any three-dimensional region of physical space on which we wish to focus our attention. Usually we consider only one system at a time and call it simply “the system.” The rest of the physical universe constitutes the surroundings of the system.

The boundary is the closed three-dimensional surface that encloses the system and separates it from the surroundings. The boundary may (and usually does) coincide with real physical surfaces: the interface between two phases, the inner or outer surface of the wall of a flask or other vessel, and so on. Alternatively, part or all of the boundary may be an imagined intangible surface in space, unrelated to any physical structure. The size and shape of the system, as defined by its boundary, may change in time. In short, our choice of the three dimensional region that constitutes the system is arbitrary—but it is essential that we know exactly what this choice is.

Electrochemistry - Edited by Mohammed A. A. Khalid

                  Ebook Size : 9.6 MB

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The chemical and physical characterization of groundwater and surface water is very important to understand the hydrological and geological dynamic that enriched the water in ions and organic compounds. During the water infiltration and movement into the rocks, the water is subject to numerous interactions between the aqueous and the solid phases through physical, chemical and microbial processes such as dissolution, precipitation, oxidation, reduction, complexation, ad-and desorption, filtration, gas exchange, evaporation, biological metabolism, isotopic redistribution and anthropogenic influences.

Groundwater in solution may have a high quantity of inorganic and organic compounds. Its contents are the combined result of the composition of surface water when entering the unsaturated zone of the soil and reactions with minerals in the rock that may modify the water composition. As a result, groundwater contains dissolved solids and gases (CO2, O2, H2S) according to its initial composition, type of the rock, the partial pressure of the gas phase, pH and oxidation potential of the solution. The major ions that can be found in water are chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium against many others in reduced concentrations (<10 mgL-1) such as iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, cadmium, lead, chromium, strontium, arsenic and boron. Apart from these natural processes, the water also suffers from contamination by human activities.

Solutes, such as heavy metals and organic solvents, are chemically introduced in the water systems mostly in the unsaturated zone. When water is in contact with pore gases contaminants there may be transference between the liquid and the gas states. This is an important way of volatile compounds to migrate from the subsurface.

The Golden Book Of Chemistry Experiments

                      Ebook Size : 21.4 MB

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The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments, written by Robert Brent and illustrated by Harry Lazarus, is a children's book published in the 1960s that was intended to explain to kids how they could set up a home chemistry lab and conduct simple experiments. Supposedly the US government had the book removed from libraries and banned for sale on the grounds that the projects were too dangerous for its intended audience. I would have to agree that you probably don't want your kids making and igniting hydrogen in the garage, but for the aspiring chemist who can adhere to the safety precautions, this remains one of the best do-it-yourself chemistry books around. It is sort of funny that a book that is banned from the public library is legal to download and read, but it's true!